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Home  /  All conditions

Every condition page, in one place

All 91 condition pages, grouped by specialty. Every entry links to the full condition guide.

15
Heart
14
Cancer
11
Orthopaedics
13
Neurology
9
Organ transplant
6
Bone marrow transplant
6
Fertility
6
Spine surgery
5
Bariatric
6
Liver
15 conditions

Heart and cardiovascular

Specialty page →
Aortic aneurysm and dissectionThe aorta is the main artery leaving the heart. When a section of its wall weakens it can stretch and balloon outward — an aneurysm — and if the wall …Open → Aortic valve stenosisThe aortic valve is the door between the heart and the rest of the body. When it narrows, the heart must generate far more pressure to push blood thro…Open → Atrial fibrillationThe upper chambers of the heart quiver instead of beating in a coordinated way. The pulse becomes irregular, the heart pumps less efficiently, and blo…Open → Coarctation of the aortaA narrowing of the aorta, usually just beyond the arch. Blood reaches the upper body normally but struggles to get to the lower half, so the blood pre…Open → Complex congenital heart defectsDefects more involved than a simple hole — transposition of the great arteries, coarctation of the aorta, atrioventricular septal defect, single ventr…Open → Coronary artery diseaseAlso called ischaemic or coronary heart disease. The arteries supplying the heart muscle narrow with fatty deposits, and the muscle stops getting enou…Open → Heart failure and cardiomyopathyHeart failure means the heart is no longer pumping well enough to meet the body's needs. It is a syndrome with many causes, and the treatment depends …Open → Hole in the heartThree of the commonest defects children are born with. Blood crosses from the left side of the heart to the right through an opening that should not b…Open → Infective endocarditisBacteria settle on a heart valve and grow into a vegetation that destroys it. Untreated it is fatal; treated properly a great many patients recover co…Open → Mitral valve diseaseThe mitral valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It can leak backwards (regurgitation), narrow so blood struggles through (stenos…Open → Prosthetic valve failureA prosthetic valve can fail in four quite different ways, and the treatment differs completely between them. Working out which has happened is the who…Open → Pulmonary hypertensionThe pressure in the arteries carrying blood to the lungs rises, and the right side of the heart must work far harder to push against it. Eventually it…Open → Rheumatic heart diseaseDamage to the heart valves — most often the mitral valve — caused by rheumatic fever after an untreated streptococcal throat infection in childhood. T…Open → Tetralogy of FallotThe commonest cause of a child being born blue. Four features occur together: a hole between the pumping chambers, narrowing of the route to the lungs…Open → Transposition of the great arteriesThe two great vessels leaving the heart are connected the wrong way round. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood circulate in two separate loops instead o…Open →
14 conditions

Cancer and oncology

Specialty page →
Blood cancersCancers of the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system. Unlike solid tumours they are not removed by surgery — they are treated with drugs, and in som…Open → Breast cancerThe commonest cancer in women worldwide, and one where the treatment plan depends far less on the size of the lump than on what the pathology report s…Open → Cervical and ovarian cancerThree distinct cancers with different presentations and treatments. Cervical cancer remains among the commonest cancers in women across several of the…Open → Cervical cancernot in ledgerA cancer of the neck of the womb, caused in almost all cases by persistent infection with human papillomavirus. It is one of the most preventable canc…Open → Childhood cancersCancer in children is different from cancer in adults. The types are different, children tolerate intensive treatment better, and cure rates are subst…Open → Colorectal cancerCancer of the large bowel. Colon and rectal cancers are frequently discussed together but managed quite differently, and confusing the two leads to th…Open → Head and neck cancerCancers of the mouth, tongue, throat, voice box and salivary glands. Treatment must remove the cancer while preserving the ability to eat, swallow, sp…Open → LeukaemiaCancer of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. Abnormal cells crowd out normal ones, so the body runs short of the red cells that carry oxygen,…Open → Liver cancerMost liver cancer arises in a liver already damaged by chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. That is what makes it different from other cancers — the treatm…Open → Lung cancerThe treatment of lung cancer has changed more in the last decade than almost any other cancer, because of one development: testing the tumour for spec…Open → LymphomaA cancer of the lymphatic system — the network of nodes and vessels that forms part of the immune system. It usually presents as a painless swollen ly…Open → Prostate and bladder cancerThree cancers of the urinary system with very different behaviour. Prostate cancer in particular is one of the few cancers where the right answer is o…Open → Prostate cancernot in ledgerA cancer that behaves very differently from most others. Many prostate cancers grow so slowly they never cause harm, while a minority are aggressive a…Open → Stomach and oesophageal cancerCancers of the food pipe and stomach. Both frequently present when swallowing becomes difficult or weight has already been lost, which makes nutrition…Open →
11 conditions

Orthopaedics and joints

Specialty page →
ACL and meniscus injuriesTwo of the commonest knee injuries, and two where surgery is performed more often than the evidence supports. Both deserve a careful decision rather t…Open → Ankylosing spondylitisAn inflammatory condition of the spine and the joints where it meets the pelvis. Over years the inflamed vertebrae can fuse into a single rigid column…Open → Avascular necrosis of the hipThe blood supply to the ball of the hip joint fails and the bone begins to die. Caught before the surface collapses, the hip can sometimes be saved. A…Open → Failed or loosened joint replacementA replacement that has loosened, worn out, dislocated or been badly positioned. Revision surgery is substantially harder than the original operation a…Open → Hip dysplasia and Perthes diseaseThree childhood hip conditions that share one feature: treated early they usually do well, and left late they lead to hip replacement in early adultho…Open → Hip fracture in older adultsA broken hip in an older person is a medical emergency, not an orthopaedic inconvenience. The evidence on timing is unusually clear: surgery within ab…Open → Hip osteoarthritisWear of the ball-and-socket joint at the top of the thigh bone. Hip replacement is among the most successful operations in all of surgery, and recover…Open → Infected joint replacementBacteria settling on an implant form a protective film that antibiotics cannot penetrate. This is why an infected joint replacement almost always need…Open → Knee osteoarthritisThe cartilage lining the knee wears away until bone rubs on bone. It is the commonest reason for joint replacement worldwide, and also the condition w…Open → Rheumatoid and inflammatory arthritisAn immune condition in which the body attacks the lining of its own joints. Unlike osteoarthritis it is a disease of the whole body, and the drug trea…Open → Rotator cuff and shoulder arthritisThe shoulder trades stability for movement, and it relies on four small tendons to hold it together. When those tendons tear or the joint wears, the l…Open →
13 conditions

Neurology and neurosurgery

Specialty page →
Acoustic neuromaA benign tumour growing on the nerve of balance beside the hearing nerve, between the inner ear and the brainstem. It grows slowly, and how it is trea…Open → Brain and spinal tuberculosisTuberculosis reaching the brain, its coverings, or the spine. It is uncommon in Europe and North America and remains common across South Asia, the Mid…Open → Brain aneurysm and AVMA weakened, ballooning segment of artery in the brain, or a tangle of abnormal vessels connecting arteries directly to veins. Both can bleed, and both…Open → Brain tumours and gliomasnot in ledgerTumours arising within the brain itself, or spreading to it from elsewhere. What can be done depends far less on the name of the tumour than on precis…Open → Brain tumours in childrenThe commonest solid tumours of childhood. Many are curable — some with surgery alone — and outcomes depend heavily on the treatment following an estab…Open → Drug-resistant epilepsySeizures that continue despite two properly chosen and properly dosed medications. At that point further drugs are unlikely to work, and surgery becom…Open → Glioma and malignant brain tumoursTumours arising from the supporting cells of the brain itself. Unlike a meningioma pushing the brain aside, a glioma grows within brain tissue, which …Open → HydrocephalusFluid produced continuously inside the brain cannot drain away, and pressure builds. In babies the head enlarges; in adults the skull cannot expand, s…Open → MeningiomaA tumour arising from the membranes covering the brain rather than from brain tissue itself. Most are benign and slow-growing, and a substantial propo…Open → Parkinson's disease and tremorDeep brain stimulation does not cure Parkinson's disease. What it does, in carefully selected patients, is restore the good hours that medication used…Open → Pituitary tumoursTumours of the small gland beneath the brain that controls the body's hormone system. Almost all are benign, and the treatment depends far more on whi…Open → StrokeBlood supply to part of the brain is interrupted, either by a clot blocking an artery or by bleeding into the brain. Brain tissue begins dying within …Open → Trigeminal neuralgiaSudden, severe, electric-shock-like pain in the face, triggered by touching the skin, chewing, speaking or a breath of cold air. It is among the most …Open →
9 conditions

Organ transplant

Specialty page →
Acute liver failureA previously healthy liver fails over days or weeks. Unlike cirrhosis, which develops over years, this is an emergency measured in hours, and it carri…Open → Becoming a living donorEvery other page on this site is written for the patient. This one is written for you — the healthy person considering major surgery for someone you l…Open → Biliary atresia in babiesThe bile ducts carrying bile out of a baby's liver are blocked or absent. Bile accumulates and destroys the liver within months. It is the commonest r…Open → Diabetic kidney diseaseThe commonest cause of kidney failure worldwide. Damage develops silently over years, and by the time symptoms appear a great deal of function has alr…Open → End-stage kidney diseaseThe kidneys can no longer clear waste or balance fluid, and life depends on dialysis or a transplant. Transplant is better than dialysis on almost eve…Open → Glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathyInflammation of the kidney's filtering units, caused by the immune system attacking them. It covers many distinct diseases that share a mechanism, and…Open → Liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver diseaseLong-standing damage replaces liver tissue with scar until the organ can no longer do its work. Cirrhosis is not always a one-way road, and treating t…Open → Metabolic liver disease in childrenInherited disorders in which a missing or faulty enzyme in the liver causes damage, either to the liver itself or to the brain and other organs. Sever…Open → Polycystic kidney diseaseAn inherited condition in which fluid-filled cysts multiply in both kidneys, gradually enlarging them and destroying working tissue. It runs in famili…Open →
6 conditions

Bone marrow transplant

Specialty page →
Aplastic anaemiaThe bone marrow stops producing blood cells. Red cells, white cells and platelets all fall together, leaving the patient anaemic, vulnerable to infect…Open → Multiple myelomaA cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It weakens bones, impairs the kidneys, causes anaemia and raises calcium — and it is now treated as a lon…Open → Myelodysplastic syndromesThe bone marrow produces blood cells that are abnormal and fail to mature properly. Counts fall despite a marrow that may look busy, and in a proporti…Open → Primary immunodeficiency in childrenA child born with a defective immune system. Infections that other children shrug off become severe, repeated and sometimes fatal — and for the most s…Open → Sickle cell diseaseAn inherited change in haemoglobin that makes red cells rigid and sickle-shaped under stress. They block small blood vessels, causing episodes of seve…Open → Thalassemia majorAn inherited disorder in which the body cannot make normal haemoglobin. Children need blood transfusions every few weeks for life, and the iron those …Open →
6 conditions

Fertility and IVF

Specialty page →
Blocked fallopian tubesThe tubes carry the egg from the ovary and are where fertilisation happens. When they are blocked or damaged, sperm and egg cannot meet — and IVF exis…Open → EndometriosisTissue resembling the lining of the womb grows outside it, on the ovaries, pelvic lining and elsewhere. It causes severe period pain, and it reduces f…Open → Male factor infertilityA male factor is present in around half of couples who cannot conceive, and it is the single most under-investigated area in fertility medicine. In ma…Open → Polycystic ovary syndromeA common hormonal condition in which ovulation becomes irregular or stops. It is among the most treatable causes of infertility, and most women with i…Open → Recurrent miscarriageTwo or more consecutive pregnancy losses. It is far more common than most couples realise, and in around half no cause is ever identified — which is d…Open → Unexplained infertilityAll the standard tests are normal and conception still has not happened. Around a quarter of couples receive this label, and it is one of the most dif…Open →
6 conditions

Spine surgery

Specialty page →
Cervical myelopathy and neck painCompression of the spinal cord in the neck, causing clumsy hands, unsteady walking and subtle loss of function. It develops so gradually that many pat…Open → Lumbar spinal stenosisThe spinal canal narrows with age, crowding the nerves. The characteristic symptom is leg pain and heaviness that comes on with walking and eases when…Open → Scoliosis and spinal deformityA sideways curvature of the spine, usually with rotation. In adolescents it is largely about whether the curve will progress during growth; in adults …Open → Slipped disc and sciaticaPart of a spinal disc bulges out and presses on a nerve root, sending pain, numbness or weakness down the leg. Most cases settle without any operation…Open → Spinal tuberculosis — Pott's spineTuberculosis infecting the vertebrae, destroying bone and discs, causing back pain, deformity and sometimes compression of the spinal cord. It is the …Open → SpondylolisthesisOne vertebra slips forward over the one below. Many slips cause no symptoms at all and are found by accident; others compress nerves and cause leg pai…Open →
5 conditions

Bariatric and metabolic surgery

Specialty page →
Fatty liver diseaseFat accumulates within liver cells. In most people it causes no harm, but in a minority it drives inflammation and scarring that can progress to cirrh…Open → Obstructive sleep apnoeaThe airway closes repeatedly during sleep, interrupting breathing dozens of times an hour. It causes daytime sleepiness, raises blood pressure and car…Open → Severe obesityObesity severe enough to cause or threaten other disease. It is a medical condition driven by biology, environment and genetics rather than a failure …Open → Type 2 diabetesThe commonest reason bariatric surgery is now described as metabolic surgery. Its effect on blood sugar begins within days, before meaningful weight i…Open → Weight regain after surgerySome regain after the first year or two is expected rather than a failure. Substantial regain deserves investigation of why it has happened, and that …Open →
6 conditions

Liver and digestive treatment

Specialty page →
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitisChronic inflammation of the digestive tract driven by the immune system. It runs a relapsing course over decades, and modern treatment aims to heal th…Open → Gallstones and gallbladder diseaseStones form in the gallbladder in a large proportion of adults. Most cause no trouble at all and are found by accident, and the important question is …Open → Hepatitis BA virus that infects the liver and, in a proportion of those who carry it, causes progressive damage over decades. It cannot usually be cured, but it …Open → Hepatitis CHepatitis C is curable. A course of tablets taken for eight to twelve weeks clears the virus in the great majority of people, with few side effects — …Open → PancreatitisInflammation of the pancreas. An acute attack ranges from a few days of pain to a critical illness; chronic pancreatitis causes persistent pain, poor …Open → Peptic ulcer and H. pyloriAn ulcer in the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. Most are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or by anti-inflammatory painkillers…Open →